The “Four Rightly Guided Caliphs” or “Khulafa Rashidun” are highly esteemed figures in Islamic history. They were the immediate successors to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and are revered for their righteousness, wisdom, and leadership. The four caliphs are:
- Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (573-634 CE): He was the first Caliph after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Abu Bakr was one of the Prophet’s closest companions and father-in-law. His caliphate was marked by consolidating the Islamic state, compiling the Quran into a single book, and leading successful military campaigns during the Ridda Wars.
- Umar ibn al-Khattab (584-644 CE): Umar was the second Caliph and also a close companion of the Prophet. His caliphate is known for numerous reforms, expansion of the Islamic empire, and significant advancements in administrative and judicial matters. He was assassinated in 644 CE.
- Usman ibn Affan (576-656 CE): Usman, the third Caliph, was known for his compilation of the Quran into a standardized text and for initiating major constructions in Medina and Mecca. However, his rule faced opposition, leading to internal strife and ultimately his assassination.
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (599-661 CE): Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad, became the fourth Caliph. His rule was marked by internal conflicts, including the First Fitna (the first Islamic civil war). He is revered for his knowledge and piety but his caliphate was turbulent and ended with his assassination in 661 CE.
These four caliphs, due to their close relationship with the Prophet and their contributions to the early Muslim community, are highly respected figures in Islam. They are often referred to as the “Rightly Guided” or “Rightly Guided Caliphs” for their adherence to the teachings of Islam and their just governance.
